Brief Introduction about CVSD (Continuous variable slope Delta Modulation)

CVSD (continuous variable slope delta) modulation is popular effective scheme for companded delta modulation for audio signal. CVSD is best coding technique for improving receiver sensitivity. Here in this paper, we discuss brief introduction about continues variable slope delta modulation codec system and its comparison

Iniencephaly: a rare birth defect

Iniencephaly is form of neural tube defect which includes occipital bone defect at foramen magnum along with fixed retroflexion of fetal head and absence of fetal neck. Incidence of iniencephaly is 0.1-10 in 10,000 pregnancies. There is a known female predilection for this condition. Iniencephaly has a poor prognosis. It can be diagnosed antenatally by raised maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and typical ultrasound features. Termination should be advised to patients who present before 20 weeks. Herein we are describing a case of iniencephaly who presented at 27 weeks of gestation with a brief review of literature

Hypervascular retained products of conception: dilemma of diagnosis and management

Retained products of conception (RPOC) are a partial retention of placental tissue after dilation and curettage (D&C) procedures or vaginal deliveries. Ultrasound scan reports sometimes mention the presence of increased endometrial / sub‐endometrial vascularity in the context of retained products of conception. This raises the possibility of serious intra‐operative haemorrhage because of the possibility of arterio‐venous malformation. The aim of this article is to discuss the diagnosis and management options of retained products of conception (RPOC) with increased vascularity where simple dilatation and curettage may lead to life threatening haemorrhage and endanger the life of the patient and to enlighten the importance of evaluation of vascularity in all cases of RPOC prior to dilatation and curettage in order to avoid the dreaded complication of massive haemorrhage

STUDY OF ACCESSORY SUPRAORBITAL FORAMEN IN NORTH INDIAN HUMAN SKULL

Objective: This research was aimed at telling the anatomical characteristics of the accessory supraorbital foramen (ASOF) in relation to the main supraorbital foramen (SOF), which is necessary in clinical situations that require regional surgical procedures. Methods: A total dedicated to the presence and location of 72 dry Indian adults of unknown age and sex were investigated. In each skull, the ASOF location was measured on both sides with a Vernier caliper metal case, with the SOF as the reference point. The total number of accessory foramen was also noted. Results: Accessory infraorbital foramens (IOFs) were seen only in 4.16% in our study and all seen were single in number. Half of those accessory foramen were present on medial and rest half were present on superomedial position as compared to the main IOF. Half among present accessory foramens were located at a distance of <2 mm and half were located at a distance of more than 2 mm. The mean location of accessory IOF was at 7.07 mm from main IOF. Conclusion: Knowledge of the anatomical characteristics of ASOF can have major effects on surgical and local anesthetic preparation blockage of the super orbital nerves. Additional guidance for surgeons may be provided with information on the foramens obtained from this study. The surgeons should note this during the nerve block as damage to either branch will lead to sensory impairment and incomplete blocking of the nerve

Clinicohaematological study of anaemia in antenatal patients

Background: According to WHO, approximately 75% of pregnant women in developing countries and 18% in developed countries are anaemic. In India prevalence of anaemia is reported to be 33%-89% and is one of the important causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. The present study was done with the objective to study the socio-demographic factors related to anemia and the distribution of different types of anaemia in antenatal patients.Methods: A prospective analytical study was done on 205 pregnant females who presented with anemia (Hb <11 gm/dl) in 1st, 2nd and early 3rd trimester (up to 30 weeks of gestation) in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital, Prayagraj from September 2017 to September 2018.Results: The rural background with lower socio-economic status comprised majority of the anemic patients (65.9%) with the major cause being iron deficiency anemia (68.8%). The patients mainly presented with anemia at late second or early third trimester (82.4%). Clinical signs like pallor, oedema and symptoms like palpitations and dyspnoea were more associated with severe anemia than mild and moderate anemia.Conclusions: Anemia prevention and prompt detection is the need of the hour with effective management. In India, major cause of anaemia are nutritional deficiencies which can be treated by proper diet and medications. The advises of routine iron supplementation during pregnancy, regardless of whether the mother is anemic or not, is strongly recommended by this study.

LANAP, Periodontics and Beyond: A Review

ABSTRACTLaser has emerged as an adjunct in several treatment modalities in dentistry in the past few decades. This less invasive bladeless technique is bringing revolutionary outcomes in a plethora of periodontal treatment procedures as well. A unique ameliorative approach termed LANAP, described as laser-assisted new attachment procedure was developed by Gregg and McCarthy. In 1990 they introduced an innovative treatment for diseases of gums incorporating pulsed neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) 1064 nm wavelength laser (PerioLase MVP-7). The LANAP concept was endorsed by Yukna et al who conducted a study according to the protocol reinforced at the1996 world workshop in periodontics, which established specific histologic criteria to prove regeneration. Yukna’s histological study found that regeneration of the periodontally compromised root could be achieved by Nd: YAG laser. LANAP facilitates refurbishing of new tissues from supporting structures of the periodontium wherein the unhealthy surface of the roots exhibit pristine attachments in human beings. This paper is a review providing a detailed report of LANAP from its inception to recent advances

Vaginal foreign body in a 6 year old girl: a game for the child but a challenge for the gynaecologist

A 6 year old girl visited our gynaecology out-patient department of S.R.N hospital, Allahabad, India with the complaint of relapsing blood stained vaginal discharge for 3 months. Different gynaecologists, including us, tried treating the condition with different courses of antibiotics. To each, the girl responded only for few days and relapsed again. We investigated completely into the background of the child's home and school environment, her playing habits and her behaviour with her kins. Then, we got her various investigations done but with no derangement. With the backup of her history, examination and investigations, we performed another detailed examination of her genitals. The findings were intriguing as to their cause, and it definitely was a lesson to all of us.

Sodium Periodate as a Selective Oxidant for Diclofenac Sodium in Alkaline Medium: A Quantum Chemical Approach

Diclofenac sodium is a well known anti-inflammatory drug. It has also been proclaimed to exhibit adverse effects on aquatic animals through sewage and waste water treatment plants. Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the novel oxidation of diclofenac sodium (DFS) by sodium periodate were discussed with an emphasis on structure and reactivity by using kinetic and computational approach. The proposed work had been studied in alkaline medium at 303 K and at a constant ionic strength of 0.60 mol.dm−3. Formation of [2-(2,6-dicloro-phynylamino)-phenyl]-methanol as the oxidation product of DFS is confirmed with the help of structure elucidation. The active species of catalyst, oxidant and oxidation products were recognized by UV and IR spectral studies. Proton inventory studies in H2O−D2O mixtures had been shown the involvement of a single exchangeable proton of OH− ion in the transition state. All quantum chemical calculations were executed at level of density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP function using 6-31G (d,p) basis atomic set for the validation of structure, reaction and mechanism. Molecular orbital energies, nonlinear optical properties, bond length, bond angles, reactivity, electrophilic and nucleophilic regions were delineated. Influence of various reactants on rate of chemical reaction were also ascertained and elucidated spectro-photometrically. Activation parameters have been assessed using Arrhenius-Eyring plots. A suitable mechanism consistent with observed kinetic results had been implicated and rate law deduced. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).